Cleogonus insulcatus Fiedler, 1954 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): first report in Brazil and a new host plant record, Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos

The purple trumpet tree [Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. Ex DC.) Mattos Bignoniaceae] is one of the most prominent tree species in the Brazilian Federal District, with more than 150 trees in the Plano Piloto region of Brasília. In March 2017, weevils (Coleoptera) were observed in ripe fruits of purple trumpet trees feeding on already dried seeds. The objective of this paper is to report and describe the main damage to seeds and pods of H. impetiginosus in Brasília, Brazil, caused by this beetle. The insect was identified as Cleogonus insulcatus Fiedler, 1954 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Of the 126 fruits analyzed, 104 exhibited predation by C. insulcatus (82.5%) and 377 larvae were collected inside the pods feeding on the seeds. This is the first report of C. insulcatus in Brazil and the first record of damage to H. impetiginosus pods and seeds caused by this insect.

The urban afforestation of Brasília is extremely rich and composed of hundreds of ornamental and fruit species (Silva Junior & Lima 2010). Among the trees, trumpet tree attracts attention due to its exuberant flowering. The purple trumpet tree, Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos = Tabebuia impetiginosa Mart. ex DC. (Bignoniaceae), is one of the most prominent tree species in the Federal District, with more than 150 trees in the Plano Piloto region of Brasília (Kurihara et al. 2005;Silva Junior & Lima 2010).
In March 2017, weevils (Coleoptera) were observed in ripe fruits of purple trumpet tree feeding on already dried seeds (Fig. 1). To investigate this insect more thoroughly, this paper reports and describes the main damage caused by this insect to H. impetiginosus seeds and pods in Federal District, Brazil.
We collected 126 physiologically green fruits of purple trumpet tree still suspended on the trees during August, September, and October 2017 (42 fruits each month). For this, 20 trees were randomly selected for the collections. The material was taken to the Laboratory of Plant Sciences of the Centro Universitário ICESP in Brasília, where they were weighed, and the number of external holes caused by insects in the pods counted. The pods were opened with a stylus and the total number of larvae inside the fruits were counted. In addition, aspects related to fruit predation were observed, such as the most attacked portion of the fruit (upper or lower) and the presence of other arthropods. To confirm the genus of the insect, some larvae were separated and placed to pupate, following the methodology proposed by Santos et al. (2001). The adults obtained were killed and stored in bottles containing 70% alcohol and compared with the insects obtained in Beetles were identified as Cleogonus insulcatus Fiedler, 1954 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Of the 126 fruits analyzed, 104 had been preyed on by the insect (82.5%), and 377 larvae were collected inside the pods feeding on seeds, in which 120 were obtained in August, 115 in September, and 142 in October, indicating that number of larvae remained similar in three months studied. During evaluation period, no adults or other insects associated with pods were found, which indicates that in studied region the attack on purple trumpet tree fruits is prevalent by this species of Curculionidae. Up to 14 larvae were found in a single fruit, with an average of three per sample, including non-infested ones. Link & Costa (1988) found up to 13 larvae of Rhyssomatus sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in each yellow trumpet tree pod in Santa Maria, RS, and more than 95% of the fruits were

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infested by this beetle. The damage caused by this insect was recorded mainly in the lower pods (86% of the attacked fruits), indicated that the attack occurs mainly from the bottom up ( Fig. 2A). As the damage increased, a large amount of excrement was produced and the seeds were completely consumed, with damaged and blackened pods. In intense attacks, all seeds were preyed on and useless for planting. The larvae is whitish, with typical morphological features of Curculionidae family (Fig. 2B). The holes caused by C. insulcatus were an average size of 2 mm and could have been used for entry into the pods or made by the female for oviposition, as observed by Link & Costa (1988). The presence of gum and droppings is easily seen near the holes made by the weevils. Up to eight holes per fruit were found, with an average of two in all samples. The observation of holes is an important sign of insect attack on fruits, as demonstrated by Castro et al. (2018a) to detect the presence of Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller, 1848) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in cedar, Cedrela fissilis Vell. (Meliaceae), and mahogany Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae) (Castro et al. 2018b).
Species of Cleogonus Schönherr, 1825 have been reported to damage pods from plants of Leguminosae family and are believed to be specialized and obligatory predators of seeds, especially legumes (Janzen et al. 1976;Polak & Brown 1995). Cleogonus weevils can destroy up to 90% of Andira inermis (Leguminosae) seeds produced by a tree (Janzen et al. 1976). The literature does not contain much information about C. insulcatus. Prena & Whitehead (2012) reported that the species is restricted to Argentina and that its probable hosts are unknown. Therefore, this is the first report of C. insulcatus in Brazil and the first record of this beetle damaging pods and seeds of H. impetiginosus.

Author's Contributions
MTC: Performed the material collection and analysis; wrote the manuscript. SCLM: Performed the material collection and analysis; wrote the manuscript. GHRN: Identified the weevil species and contributed to the interpretation of the results; wrote the manuscript. RGM: Contributed to the interpretation of the results.