New host plants records of Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock, 1994 and Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Brazil

In this work we report five new host plants of Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock, 1994 as well as new records of hosts of Anastrepha bahiensis Lima, 1937, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830), and Anastrepha striata Schiner, 1868 from samplings carried out in Mazagão county, Amapá-Brazil.


Bactrocera carambolae
, native to Asia, is an invading species in South America, where it was collected for the first time in 1975, in Paramaribo, Suriname (Castilho et al. 2019). Its first detection in Brazil was in 1996, in Oiapoque county, state of Amapá (Silva et al. 2004). Currently, the species occurs in some locations in the states of Amapá, Pará and Roraima and is under official control by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply (Brazil 2018).
The occurrence of B. carambolae in Brazil is one of the main phytosanitary barrier for fruit exports, since there are quarantine restrictions imposed by importing countries on the purchase of products from regions where the pest occurs (Silva et al. 2004;Godoy et al. 2011;Lemos et al. 2014;Ferreira & Rangel 2015;Miranda & Adami 2015).
Taking into account that is necessary to consider a natural host only the plant species whose fruit is found to be unmistakably infested under totally natural field conditions (Aluja & Mangan 2008), this work aimed to report new host plants of B. carambolae and species of Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 in Brazil.
From April 2018 to March 2020, a sampling of fruits from plants potentially host of fruit flies was carried out in the municipality of Mazagão, state of Amapá, Brazil. The fruits were collected randomly, depending on availability, according to the phenology of each species, being obtained directly from the plants. The collected samples were packed in plastic trays (16 x 30 cm) and transported in stackable plastic boxes to the Entomology Nucleus Laboratory at the Federal University of Amapá, Campus Mazagão. In the laboratory, we followed the procedures recommended by Silva et al. (2011) for grouped fruit samples. The fruits were counted, weighed and placed in plastic trays on a thin layer of moist sand. The trays were covered with organza attached by elastic alloy. The collected material was examined every three days and the puparia found were removed and transferred to transparent plastic containers containing a thin layer of moistened vermiculite. The plastic containers were covered with organza and a vented lid, being inspected daily. The humidity in the trays and in the containers was maintained by replacing the water. The fruit flies that emerged were stored in glass flasks containing 70% etanol, for later identification.
The identification of B. carambolae was based on Zucchi (2000). Specimens of Anastrepha were identified using the illustrated identification key published by Zucchi et al. (2011). Only females were used for identification, which was performed by examination of everted aculei, using a stereomicroscope and optical microscope (40´). Other characteristics were also observed, including wing pattern, mesonotum, mediotergite, and subscutellum.
We collected 17 samples (683 fruits, 10.61 kg) in urban and rural communities in the municipality of Mazagão, in 11 of them (64.7%) there was infestation by fruit fly (Tab. 1). In total, 1,268 puparia were obtained, from which emerged specimens of B. carambolae (340♀ + 351♂) and  (Allwood et al. 1999). In turn, C. goetheanus was never reported as a host of B. carambolae. Interestingly, this plant is native of Neotropical region and occurs naturally in periurban forests, revealing the adaptative capacity of B. carambolae to native plant species, as had been demonstrated by Lemos et al. (2014).
In addition to the results for B. carambolae, this work presents other findings: 1) C. goetheanus constitutes a new host record of A. fraterculus and A. striata in Brazil; 2) S. purpurea constitutes a new host record of A. bahiensis in Brazil. After these records, A. fraterculus, A. striata and A. bahiensis have 117, 29 and 16 hosts reported in Brazil, respectively (Zucchi & Moraes 2008;Adaime et al. 2016b).
Considering the socioeconomic expression of B. carambolae for Brazilian fruit production (Silva et al. 2004;Godoy et al. 2011;Lemos et al. 2014;Ferreira & Rangel 2015;Miranda & Adami 2015), it is imperative that studies aimed at registering new host plants for this pest continue to be carried out and the results generated can be used to adopt more targeted and effective control measures.

Acknowledgments
Amapá Research Support Foundation and to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development -CNPq, for financing the Project "Bioecologia de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae) e seus inimigos naturais no município de Mazagão, Amapá, Brasil", under the "First Projects Program". National Council for Scientific and Technological Development -CNPq, for the Research Productivity Fellowship granted to Ricardo Adaime. Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply for authorizing publication of data pertaining to the carambola fruit fly.
adding intellectual content to the manuscript. MSMS contributed to the taxonomic identification of fruit flies, critical reviews and adding intellectual content to the manuscript. RA, LNL and RMAF contributed to the concept and design of the study, data analysis and interpretation and manuscript preparation. SVCN contributed to the identification of botanical material, critical reviews and adding intellectual content to the manuscript.